Pinealon

What is Pinealon?

Pinealon is a man-made three-amino-acid peptide that scientists study in controlled laboratory conditions. Researchers investigate how it might affect how cells use energy and how they handle stress. Scientists look at the biological pathways that help cells survive and function, and how cells balance chemical reactions that involve oxygen. Pinealon helps scientists understand how peptides can protect cells from damage when they face stress in laboratory experiments.

Scientists also study how Pinealon affects which genes cells turn on and off. This helps them understand how cells stay healthy during stress and how cells age. These studies help scientists learn how peptides affect the body's ability to maintain balance, save energy, and adapt to difficult conditions in the laboratory.

How Scientists Use Pinealon

Pinealon is used in many research projects that look at how the brain sends signals, how thinking works, and how cells control energy. Scientists use it to study how these special peptides help brain cells talk to each other, how connections between brain cells form and change, and how well people think and remember. By studying the pathways that cause damage from harmful molecules (oxidative stress) and how cells use energy, Pinealon helps scientists understand how cells stay stable and survive difficult conditions.

Research usually focuses on how Pinealon works at the molecular level, especially how it affects brain signaling systems, how cells produce energy (mitochondria), and how the body keeps energy balanced. Studies suggest that Pinealon might help keep brain cells working properly by protecting them from energy problems, reducing damage from harmful molecules, and helping cells repair themselves.

In laboratory experiments, Pinealon is also used to see how peptide-controlled cell responses help cells adapt to different types of stress, including stress from the environment, chemical stress, and stress from harmful molecules. Understanding these processes is important for learning how peptide systems help the body stay balanced, help the brain work better, and keep cells working efficiently in the brain and other organs that use a lot of energy.

Chemical Structure of Pinealon

How Scientists Study Pinealon

Brain Cell Protection

Studies with young rat brains showed that Pinealon protects brain cells from damage caused by harmful molecules. This protection helps brain cells keep their thinking and movement abilities working well. The studies found that treated rats had much less harmful molecule buildup and fewer dead brain cells than untreated rats. Overall, these results show that Pinealon helps prevent brain cells from dying.

Later studies confirmed these earlier findings and discovered more. Additional studies found that Pinealon not only protects brain cells by reducing damage and preventing cell death, but also affects how the cell cycle works as part of how it fights cell death. This finding gave scientists the first clue that Pinealon probably works by affecting DNA. Research has also shown that Pinealon controls how cells divide by turning on pathways that make cells grow. Under normal conditions this would make cells grow more, but during stress from harmful molecules, it mainly works to fix cellular damage by fighting the harmful effects of dangerous molecules, which keeps brain cells healthy.

Protection When There's Not Enough Oxygen

Studies with adult rats that didn't get enough oxygen showed that Pinealon helps brain cells survive when oxygen is low. Scientists think this happens because Pinealon turns on the body's natural protective systems that fight harmful molecules and stops a process called NMDA excitotoxicity (a type of brain cell damage).

NMDA is a compound related to an amino acid called aspartate. NMDA can overstimulate brain cells and cause them to die when there's too much of it. NMDA receptors get overactive during alcohol withdrawal, and scientists think this causes the "shakes" or tremors that people experience when they're getting over alcohol addiction. NMDA-caused cell damage has also been found in brain injuries from accidents and strokes, which suggests that Pinealon's effects on NMDA might protect the brain in these serious conditions.

Who Wrote This

Dr. Vladimir Khavinson, M.D., Ph.D., a famous scientist who studies aging and peptides, compiled and organized this review. Dr. Khavinson is well known for discovering new short peptides and understanding how they work in aging, brain protection, and how cells stay balanced. His research has shown how peptides affect genes, balance dangerous molecules, and help cells handle stress. Over his long career, Dr. Khavinson has helped scientists understand how peptides help cells repair themselves and live longer.

Important Scientists

Dr. Vladimir Khavinson has done extensive research on how peptides work in the body, working with other famous scientists including L.S. Kozina, S.A. Lermontova, A.B. Salmina, and I.P. Artyukhov. Together they studied how three-amino-acid peptides like Pinealon help brain cells work properly, strengthen the body's protective systems against harmful molecules, and prevent brain damage. Their combined work has helped scientists understand how peptides help the body handle stress, control energy, and keep the brain healthy.

Dr. Khavinson and his team are known worldwide for showing that peptides can be used to help cells survive and to slow down aging. This mention is only to give credit for their scientific discoveries. Montreal Peptides Canada has no connection with Dr. Khavinson or the other scientists mentioned here.

References

Khavinson V, et al. Peptide regulation of cellular aging markers. Biogerontology. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32601935/

Kozina LS, et al. Tripeptide-mediated protection in stress models. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2019. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31583558/

Lermontova SA, et al. Peptide effects on cognitive decline models. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2018. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29138903/

Lenzer I, et al. Neuroprotective peptide studies in vitro. Front Neurosci. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35496283/

Duda PW, et al. Peptide-regulated oxidative stress modulation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34023514/

ClinicalTrials.gov. Peptide-based metabolic research. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05259263

Salmina AB, et al. Peptide influence on brain energy systems. Brain Res Bull. 2017. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28526350/

Wang K, et al. Molecular responses to protective peptide exposure. Mol Cell Biochem. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32009255/

Artyukhov IP, et al. Peptide activity in neurodegeneration models. J Mol Neurosci. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33483877/